# KPV peptide references: the cited research and FDA sources

> Full reference list for the KPV peptide research digest — PubMed citations, DOIs, and FDA compounding sources, every identifier re-verified against the source.

Every quantitative claim on this site maps to one of the entries below. PMIDs and DOIs were re-verified against PubMed and Crossref; FDA facts are cited to FDA.gov.

## How to read this list

These [study references](/references) are the full evidence base for the digest. Entries 1-15 are the peer-reviewed primary literature and reviews on KPV and the alpha-MSH peptide family. Entries 16-20 are the audited FDA and regulatory-framework sources behind the legal-status page. Secondary web sources for KPV are known to carry PMID/DOI errors, so every identifier here was checked at the source rather than copied from aggregators.

## References

[1] Dalmasso G, Charrier-Hisamuddin L, Nguyen HT, Yan Y, Sitaraman S, Merlin D. PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV uptake reduces intestinal inflammation. Gastroenterology. 2008;134(1):166-178. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18061177/
[2] Kannengiesser K, Maaser C, Heidemann J, et al. Melanocortin-derived tripeptide KPV has anti-inflammatory potential in murine models of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008;14(3):324-331. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18092346/
[3] Getting SJ, Schiöth HB, Perretti M. Dissection of the anti-inflammatory effect of the core and C-terminal (KPV) alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone peptides. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003;306(2):631-637. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12750433/
[4] Brzoska T, Luger TA, Maaser C, Abels C, Böhm M. Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and related tripeptides: biochemistry, antiinflammatory and protective effects in vitro and in vivo, and future perspectives for the treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Endocr Rev. 2008;29(5):581-602. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18612139/
[5] Xiao B, Xu Z, Viennois E, et al. Orally Targeted Delivery of Tripeptide KPV via Hyaluronic Acid-Functionalized Nanoparticles Efficiently Alleviates Ulcerative Colitis. Mol Ther. 2017;25(7):1628-1640. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28143741/
[6] Bonfiglio V, Camillieri G, Avitabile T, Leggio GM, Drago F. Effects of the COOH-terminal tripeptide alpha-MSH(11-13) on corneal epithelial wound healing: role of nitric oxide. Exp Eye Res. 2006;83(6):1366-1372. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16965771/
[7] Mandrika I, Muceniece R, Wikberg JE. Alpha-melanocyte-related tripeptide, Lys-d-Pro-Val, ameliorates endotoxin-induced nuclear factor kappaB translocation and activation. Biochem J. 2001;355(Pt 1):29-35. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11256945/
[8] Bonfiglio V, et al. Inhibition of cellular and systemic inflammation cues in human bronchial epithelial cells by melanocortin-related peptides: role of KPV. Int J Physiol Pathophysiol Pharmacol. 2012;4(1):30-36. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22837805/
[9] Cutuli M, Cristiani S, Lipton JM, Catania A. Antimicrobial effects of alpha-MSH peptides. J Leukoc Biol. 2000;67(2):233-239. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10670585/
[10] Barcellini W, Colombo G, La Maestra L, et al. Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone peptides inhibit HIV-1 expression in chronically infected promonocytic U1 cells and in acutely infected monocytes. J Leukoc Biol. 2000;68(5):693-699. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11073109/
[11] Catania A, Cutuli M, Garofalo L, et al. New insights into the functions of alpha-MSH and related peptides in the immune system. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;994:133-140. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12851308/
[12] Zhang Q, et al. Self-Cross-Linked Hydrogel of Cysteamine-Grafted gamma-Polyglutamic Acid Stabilized Tripeptide KPV for Treating Inflammatory Bowel Disease. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2021;7(10):4938-4949. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34547895/
[13] Zhang D, et al. PepT1-targeted nanodrug based on co-assembly of anti-inflammatory peptide and immunosuppressant for combination treatment of acute and chronic DSS-induced colitis. Front Pharmacol. 2024;15:1442876. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39211778/
[13b] Zhao Y, et al. Skin-adaptive film dressing with smart-release of growth factors accelerated diabetic wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol. 2022;222(Pt A):1738-1748. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36240893/
[14] Lin X, et al. KPV and RAPA Self-Assembled into Carrier-Free Nanodrugs for Vascular Calcification Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater. 2024;13(30):e2402320. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39252648/
[15] PubChem Compound Summary for CID 125672, KPV (Lys-Pro-Val), H-Lys-Pro-Val-OH; CAS 67727-97-3; C16H30N4O4; MW 342.44 Da. National Library of Medicine (US), National Center for Biotechnology Information. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/125672
[16] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Bulk Drug Substances Used in Compounding Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act. FDA.gov (verified 2026-05-29). https://www.fda.gov/drugs/human-drug-compounding/bulk-drug-substances-used-compounding-under-section-503a-fdc-act
[17] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks. FDA.gov (list entries effective 2023-09-29; verified 2026-05-29). https://www.fda.gov/drugs/human-drug-compounding/certain-bulk-drug-substances-use-compounding-may-present-significant-safety-risks
[18] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. July 23-24, 2026: Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee. FDA.gov advisory-committee calendar listing KPV, BPC-157, TB-500, and MOTs-C as bulk drug substances being considered for inclusion on the 503A Bulks List (verified 2026-05-29). https://www.fda.gov/advisory-committees/advisory-committee-calendar/july-23-24-2026-meeting-pharmacy-compounding-advisory-committee-07232026
[19] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Interim Policy on Compounding Using Bulk Drug Substances Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act (guidance landing page; framework for the licensed-prescriber to 503A/503B access pathway). FDA.gov (verified 2026-05-29). https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/interim-policy-compounding-using-bulk-drug-substances-under-section-503a-federal-food-drug-and
[20] KPV regulatory and compliance status: not approved by the FDA for human use; a research peptide with no approved drug or dietary-supplement status, available only as a research chemical for laboratory use (compound corpus compliance record, kpv@rev2; FDA non-approval per FDA.gov compounding sources, verified 2026-05-29). https://www.fda.gov/drugs/human-drug-compounding/bulk-drug-substances-used-compounding-under-section-503a-fdc-act

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A blacklight-poster field guide to the KPV tripeptide — every colitis, mechanism, and corneal figure read straight off the published record and cited to source, the no-human-data and research-only lines glowing in plain sight; no clinic behind the poster and nothing here dispensed or sold.